In 1925, a Tennessee state representative, encouraged by his constituents, introduced a bill to outlaw teaching the Darwinian theory of human origins in public schools. The bill passed by overwhelming majorities in the legislature, was signed into law by the governor, who expected it to be forgotten almost immediately.
Governor Peay might have been right, except for the reality that “ideas have consequences,” and this idea certainly did.
About six weeks after the bill was passed, John Scopes was indicted for violating the law, and about six weeks after that he went on trial in the Rhea County Courthouse circuit courtroom.
Legally, the only issue before the court was whether Scopes broke the law. But the attorneys for both the prosecution and defense soon broke out of that legal box and created a case that is as relevant today as it was in 1925.
Who should control public schools? The defense argued that teachers and school administrators should have that role. Prosecutors said, “No.” Education is a right and responsibility of the parents, speaking through the legislature.
What about academic freedom? Defense lawyers argued that teachers should be allowed to teach what they believe to be true. The prosecution said teachers should not be allowed to teach something that would make children reject the teaching of their parents.
What about rights of the minority? The defense argued that the will of the majority must bow to individual rights when the two conflict. Prosecutors said the majority has the right to set the rules.
What about religion in public life? The defense argued that the state should not impose a particular religious doctrine on students. The prosecution responded that religion – Christianity in particular – is a fundamental characteristic of American life and should not be barred from the schools.
Oh, yes; evolution or creation? The defense argued that evolution (the “new idea” in 1925) is a valid scientific theory which should be taught. The prosecution said, “No, not if parents don’t want it taught.”
The arguments raged until Judge John Raulston said, “Enough,” and drew the focus back to the question of Scopes’ guilt or innocence.
The case ended on July 21, 1925, with a “guilty” verdict for John Scopes.
But read today’s news headlines and see whether the trial truly is over.
